Approaches to Literature: week1

A. Prefix,Suffix&Root

◈ori-：rise

◆origin(n.)：c. 1400, "ancestry, race," from Old French origine "origin, race," and directly from Latin originem (nominative origo) "a rise, commencement, beginning, source; descent, lineage, birth," from stem of oriri "arise, rise, get up; appear above the horizon, become visible; be born, be descended, receive life;" figuratively "come forth, take origin, proceed, start" (of rivers, rumors, etc.), from PIE root *ergh- "to rise, mount".

◈ori- =ora=oro：speak，pray，plead

◆oracle(n.)：late 14c., "a message from a god, expressed by divine inspiration," from Old French oracle "temple, house of prayer; oracle" (12c.) and directly from Latin oraculum "divine announcement, oracle; place where oracles are given," from orare "pray, plead", with material instrumental suffix -culo-. In antiquity, "the agency or medium of a god," also "the place where such divine utterances were given." This sense is attested in English from c. 1400.

◈-pathy：a combining form occurring in loanwords from Greek, where it meant “suffering,” “feeling” ( antipathy; sympathy); in compound words of modern formation, often used with the meaning “morbid affection,” “disease” ( arthropathy; deuteropathy; neuropathy; psychopathy), and hence used also in names of systems or methods of treating disease ( allopathy; homeopathy; hydropathy; osteopathy).

◆sympathy：Sympathy is the perception, understanding, and reaction to the distress or need of another life form.This empathic concern is driven by a switch in viewpoint, from a personal perspective to the perspective of another group or individual who is in need.

◆apathy：Apathy is a lack of feeling, emotion, interest, and concern. Apathy is a state of indifference, or the suppression of emotions such as concern, excitement, motivation, and/or passion.

◈-cracy：a combining form occurring in loanwords from Greek ( aristocracy; democracy); on this model used, with the meaning “rule,” “government,” “governing body,” to form abstract nouns from stems of other origin:mobocracy; bureaucracy.

◆bureaucracy：A bureaucracy is "a body of non-elective government officials" and/or "an administrative policy-making group.

◆democracy：Democracy, in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament.

◆theocracy：Theocracy is a form of government in which a deity is the source from which all authority derives. A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

B. Literary genre& Literary periods

Literary genre

A literary genre is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups.

The most general genres in literature are (in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry. Additionally, a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the above, not only as a subgenre (see below), but as a mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in which they were composed.

Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be classified as either adult, young adult, or children's. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book.

Literary periods

Tracing the evolution of literature through time scholars often group works from a certain timeframe together and label it as a period or movement. This section of The Literature Network aims to disect these movements for the better understanding of you, the reader. The movements or periods listed here where not mutually exclusive in their timeframes, they overlap, liberally. In some cases a single author can even be claimed by more than one movement. Classifing art, an art in itself, often ends up more fluid like this. Each introduction (listed below) includes a broad overview of the movement or period, examples of key works, and a list of major authors.

See also our Literary Periods Timeline for a visual reference of the evolution of literature.

—Renaissance Literature

—The Enlightenment

—Romanticism

—Transcendentalism

—Victorian Literature

—Realism

—Naturalism

—Modernism

—Bloomsbury Group

—Existentialism

—Beat Generation

C. Vocabulary

	Plot refers to the sequence of events inside a story which affect other events through the principle of cause and effect. The causal events of a plot can be thought of as a series of sentences linked by "and so". Plots can vary from simple structures such as in a traditional ballad to complex interwoven structures sometimes referred to as an imbroglio. The term plot can serve as a verb and refer to a character planning future actions in the story. In the narrative sense, the term highlights the important points which have important consequences within the story, according to Ansen Dibell.The term is similar in meaning to the term storyline.
	Dramatic structure (also called Freytag's pyramid) is the structure of a dramatic work such as a play or film. Many scholars have analyzed dramatic structure, beginning with Aristotle in his Poetics (c. 335 BCE). This article focuses primarily on Gustav Freytag's analysis of ancient Greek and Shakespearean drama.
	*Inferno* is a 2016 American mystery thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by David Koepp, loosely based on the 2013 novel of the same name by Dan Brown. The film is the sequel to The Da Vinci Code and Angels & Demons, and is the third installment in the Robert Langdon film series. It stars Tom Hanks, reprising his role as Robert Langdon, alongside Felicity Jones, Omar Sy, Sidse Babett Knudsen, Ben Foster and Irrfan Khan. Along with the previous film, it remains Hanks' only live-action sequel. Filming began on April 27, 2015 in Venice, Italy, and wrapped on July 21, 2015 in Budapest. The film premiered in Florence on October 9, 2016 and was released in the United States on October 28, 2016 in 2D and IMAX formats. It received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $220 million against its $75 million budget.
	*The Immortal* is a Canadian television series which aired from October 2000 to June 2001 and had 22 episodes.
	In Greek mythology, Chryseis was a Trojan woman, the daughter of Chryses. Chryseis, her apparent name in the Iliad, means simply "Chryses' daughter"; later writers give her real name as Astynome. In the first book of the Iliad, she has been enslaved, as a war prize, by Agamemnon who admits she is finer than his own wife Clytemnestra and refuses to allow her father, a priest of Apollo, to ransom her. Apollo then sends a plague sweeping through the Greek armies, and Agamemnon is forced to give Chryseis back in order to end it, so Agamemnon sends Odysseus to return Chryseis to her father. Agamemnon compensates himself for this loss by taking Briseis from Achilles, an act that offends Achilles, who refuses to take further part in the Trojan War. A later Greek legend, preserved in Hyginus' Fabulae, states that she had a son by Agamemnon. In medieval literature, Chryseis is developed into the character Cressida.
	Brisēís was a mythical queen in Asia Minor at the time of the Trojan War. Her character lies at the heart of a dispute between Achilles and Agamemnon that drives the plot of Homer's Iliad.
	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Between November 2002 and July 2003, an outbreak of SARS in southern China caused an eventual 8,098 cases, resulting in 774 deaths reported in 37 countries, with the majority of cases in Hong Kong(9.6% fatality rate) according to the World Health Organization (WHO).No cases of SARS have been reported worldwide since 2004.